THROWAWAY PRODUCTS
Chapter 6. Designing a New Materials Economy
Lester R. Brown, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth
(W.W. Norton & Co., NY: 2001).
Two concepts that emerged during the mid-twentieth
century have shaped the evolution of the global economy
planned obsolescence and throwaway products. Both were
seized on enthusiastically in the United States after World War
II as a way of promoting economic growth and employment. The faster
things wore out and the sooner they could be thrown away, the faster
the economy would grow.
For numerous consumer products, year-to-year changes in design became
a key to stimulating sales. For automobiles, models changed each
year. The unveiling of the new models, a major event on the economic
calendars in leading industrial countries, automatically reduced
the value of the previous year's cars. Model changes were intended
not so much to improve performance as to sell more cars.
A similar situation exists with clothing, especially for women.
Annual fashion shows trot out the latest designs. The changes for
women's wear may involve raising or lowering hemlines, or emphasizing
particular colors or fabrics in any given year. For many people,
self-worth depends on wearing clothes that are "in fashion."
The throwaway economy evolved during the last half of the twentieth
century. Throwaway products, facilitated by the appeal to convenience
and the artificially low cost of energy, account for much of the
garbage we produce each day and an even larger share of the material
that ends up in landfills.
It is easy to forget how many throwaway products there are until
we actually begin making a list. We have substituted facial tissues
for handkerchiefs, disposable paper towels and table napkins for
cloth, and throwaway beverage containers for refillable ones. In
perhaps the ultimate insult, the shopping bags that are used to
carry home throwaway products are themselves designed to be discarded.
(The question at the supermarket checkout counter, "Paper or plastic?"
should be replaced by, "Do you have your canvas shopping bag with
you?")
The U.S.-based GrassRoots Recycling Network has calculated the "wasting
rates" of products
that is, the share that is thrown away versus that recycled
or reused. (See Table 6-1.) Not surprisingly, products designed
for disposal score the highest. By definition, the wasting rate
of disposable diapers is 100 percent, as is that of disposable tissues,
plates, and cups. Although Americans have markedly improved their
record on newspaper recycling over the last decade or so, 45 percent
of all newsprint is still discarded rather than recycled. Tossing
newspapers is a way of converting forests into landfill.
The advent of disposable paper plates and cups, plus plastic "silverware,"
coincided with the emergence of the fast-food industry. The extraordinary
growth of this sector helped ensure growth in the use of throwaway
plates, cups, and eating utensils. These and other throwaways are
routinely hauled by garbage trucks to landfills on a one-way trip
through the economy.
Even while wrestling with traditional throwaway products, the world
is now facing a new disposal challenge in desktop computers. Although
they are not obsolescent by plan, the pace of innovation in the
industry quickly makes them obsolete, giving the average computer
a life expectancy of less than two years. In contrast to refrigerators,
which are relatively easy to recycle, computers contain a diverse
array of materials, many of them toxic, including lead, mercury,
and cadmium, that makes them difficult to recycle. This helps explain
why only 11 percent of computers are recycled, compared with 70
percent of refrigerators.10
A study by the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimated that between
1997 and 2004, some 315 million computers would become obsolete
in the United States alone. With each computer containing nearly
4 pounds of lead, the United States is facing the need to deal with
1.2 billion pounds of lead. While the world has been quite successful
in getting it out of paint and gasoline, lead is still widely used
in computers. Once in landfills, the lead can leach into aquifers
and contaminate drinking water supplies. These same computers contain
some 400,000 pounds of mercury and 2 million pounds of cadmium.11
Table 6-1. Wasting Rates and Quantities
of Commonly Discarded Items in the United States, 1997 |
Product |
Wasting
Rate
|
Quantity
|
|
(percent
discarded)
|
(million
tons)
|
Disposable diapers |
100
|
3.1
|
Disposable tissues, plates,
cups |
100
|
4.9
|
Clothing, footwear |
87
|
5.0
|
Tires |
77
|
3.3
|
Magazines |
77
|
1.7
|
Office paper |
49
|
3.5
|
Appliances |
48
|
2.1
|
Newsprint |
45
|
6.1
|
Aluminum cans |
42
|
0.7
|
Steel cans |
40
|
1.1
|
|
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, "Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States: 1998 Update," as reported by GrassRoots
Recycling Network (Athens, Georgia) |
ENDNOTES:
10.
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, Poison PCs and Toxic TVs (San Jose,
CA: 2001); refrigerators from 77-percent appliance recycling rate
in the United States, in Jim Woods, "Steel Recycling Rates Resume
Upward Trend," press release (Pittsburgh, PA: Steel Recycling Institute,
7 April 2000).
11. Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, op. cit. note 10.
Copyright
© 2001 Earth Policy Institute
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