RANGELANDS DETERIORATING
Chapter 3. Signs of Stress: The Biological Base
Lester R. Brown, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth
(W.W. Norton & Co., NY: 2001).
One tenth of the earth's land surface is
cropland, but an area twice this size is rangeland-land that is
too dry, too steeply sloping, or too infertile to sustain crop production.
This areaone
fifth of the earth's land surface, most of it semiaridsupports
the world's 3.3 billion cattle, sheep, and goats. (See Table 3-1.)
These livestock are ruminants, animals with complex digestive systems
that enable them to convert roughage into beef, mutton, and milk.37
An estimated 180 million people worldwide make their living as pastoralists
tending cattle, sheep, and goats. Many countries in Africa depend
heavily on their livestock economies for food and employment. The
same is true for large populations in the Middle East, Central Asia
(including Mongolia), northwest China, and much of India. India,
which has the world's largest concentration of ruminants, depends
on cattle and water buffalo not only for milk but also for draft
power and fuel.38
In other parts of the world, rangelands are exploited by large-scale
commercial ranching. Australia, whose land mass is dominated by
rangeland, has one of the world's largest sheep flocks of 117 million
sheep6
for each Australian. Grass-based livestock economies also predominate
in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Uruguay. And in the Great Plains
of North America, lands that are not suited to growing wheat are
devoted to grazing cattle.39
Although public attention often focuses on the role of feedlots
in beef production, the world's beef and mutton are produced largely
on rangeland. The share of the world's cattle, sheep, and goats
in feedlots at any time is a tiny fraction of the vast numbers feeding
on grass. Even in the United States, which has most of the world's
feedlots, the typical steer is in a feedlot for only a matter of
months. If rangelands deteriorate, so too will this forage-based
segment of the world's livestock economy.
Beef and mutton tend to dominate meat consumption where grazing
land is abundant relative to population size. Among the countries
with high beef consumption per person are Argentina, with 69 kilograms
per year (152 pounds); the United States, with 45 kilograms; Brazil,
39 kilograms; and Australia, 36 kilograms. In some countries with
extensive grazing land, mutton looms large in the diet, as in New
Zealand with 25 kilograms, Australia 14 kilograms, and Kazakhstan
7 kilograms.40
These same ruminants that are uniquely efficient at converting roughage
into meat and milk for human consumption are also a source of leather
and wool. The world's leather goods and woolen industries, the livelihood
for millions, depend on rangelands for their raw materials.
Worldwide, almost half of all grasslands are lightly to moderately
degraded and 5 percent are severely degraded. The excessive pressure
on grasslands, not unlike that on oceanic fisheries, afflicts industrial
and developing countries alike. A survey of the U.S. public grazing
lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management in 2000, for example,
showed that only 36 percent of native public rangelands have forage
that is in good or excellent condition, with most of the remainder
of fair or poor quality.41
Although the data for grassland degradation are sparse, the problem
is highly visible throughout Africa, where livestock numbers have
tracked the growth in human numbers. In 1950, 238 million Africans
relied on 273 million livestock. By 2000, there were 794 million
people and 680 million livestock.42
In this continent where grain is scarce, 230 million cattle, 241
million sheep, and 209 million goats are supported almost entirely
by grazing and browsing. The number of livestock, a cornerstone
of the economy everywhere except in the tsetse-fly belt (roughly
the western Congo Basin), often exceeds grassland carrying capacity
by half or more. A study that charted the mounting pressures on
grasslands in nine southern African countries found that the capacity
to sustain livestock is diminishing.43
Iranone
of the most populous countries in the Middle East, with 70 million
peopleillustrates
the pressures facing that region. With more than 8 million cattle
and 81 million sheep and goatsthe
source of wool for its fabled rug-making industryIran
is faced with the deterioration of its rangelands because of overstocking.
In a country where the sheep and goats outnumber humans, mutton
consumption looms large in the diet. However, with rangelands now
being pushed to their limits and beyond, the current livestock population
may not be sustainable.44
China faces similarly difficult challenges. In northwestern China,
the buildup in livestock since the economic reforms in 1978 is destroying
vast areas of grassland. Since then, livestock numbers have increased
dramatically. In Gonge County, for example, in eastern Qinghai Province,
the number of sheep that the local grasslands can support is estimated
at 3.7 million, but by the end of 1998, the region's flock had reached
5.5 millionfar
beyond its carrying capacity. The result is fast-deteriorating grassland,
desertification, and in some locations the creation of sand dunes.
Erik Eckholm, writing in the New York Times, reports that "the rising
sands are part of a new desert forming here on the eastern edge
of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a legendary stretch once known for
grasses reaching as high as a horse's belly and home for centuries
to ethnic Tibetan herders."45
Fodder needs of livestock in nearly all developing countries now
exceed the sustainable yield of rangelands and other forage resources.
In India, the demand for fodder in 2000 was estimated at 700 million
tons, while the sustainable supply totaled just 540 million tons.
The National Land Use and Wastelands Development Council there reports
that in states with the most serious land degradation, such as Rajasthan
and Karnataka, fodder supplies satisfy only 50-80 percent of needs,
leaving large numbers of emaciated, unproductive cattle.46
After mid-century, world beef and mutton production expanded much
faster than population, climbing from 9 kilograms per person in
1950 to 13 kilograms in 1972. (See Figure 3-1.) Since then, however,
the growth in world beef and mutton production has fallen behind
that of population, dropping the per capita supply to 11 kilograms,
a decline of about one fifth.47
Land degradation from overgrazing is taking a heavy economic toll
in the form of lost livestock productivity. In the early stages
of overgrazing, the costs show up as lower land productivity. But
if the process continues, it destroys vegetation, leading to the
erosion of soil and the eventual creation of wasteland. A U.N. assessment
of the earth's dryland regions showed that livestock production
lost from rangeland degradation exceeded $23 billion in 1990. (See
Table 3-2.)48
In Africa, the annual loss of rangeland productivity is estimated
at $7 billion, more than the gross domestic product of Ethiopia.
In Asia, livestock losses from rangeland degradation total over
$8 billion. Together, Africa and Asia account for two thirds of
the global loss.49
With most rangeland now being grazed at capacity or beyond, the
prospect for substantial future gains in beef and mutton production
from rangelands is not good. And given the inefficient conversion
of grain to meat by cattle, substantial further gains in beef and
mutton production may be possible only by feeding more crop residues.
(See Chapter 7.)
Table 3-1. Domesticated Ruminants by Country,
2000 |
Country |
Cattle
and Buffalo
|
Sheep
and Goats
|
|
(million
head)
|
(million
head)
|
Argentina |
55
|
17
|
Australia |
26
|
117
|
Bangladesh |
24
|
35
|
Brazil |
169
|
31
|
China |
127
|
279
|
Ethiopia |
35
|
39
|
France |
20
|
11
|
India |
313
|
181
|
Mexico |
30
|
16
|
Nigeria |
20
|
45
|
Pakistan |
45
|
72
|
Russia |
28
|
16
|
United Kingdom |
11
|
45
|
United States |
98
|
9
|
Other |
509
|
868
|
|
|
|
World |
1,510
|
1,780
|
|
Source: FAO, FAOSTAT Statistics
Database, apps.fao.org, updated 2 May 2001. |
Table 3-2. Livestock Production Loss from
Land Degradation in Dryland Regions, 1990 |
Continent |
Production
Loss
|
|
(billion
dollars)
|
Africa |
7.0
|
Asia |
8.3
|
Australia |
2.5
|
Europe |
0.6
|
North America |
2.9
|
South America |
2.1
|
|
|
Total1 |
23.2
|
|
1Column
does not add up to total due to rounding.
Source: See endnote 48. |
ENDNOTES:
37. Land area estimate from Stanley Wood, Kate Sebastian, and Sara
J. Scherr, Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Agroecosystems (Washington,
DC: International Food Policy Research Institute and WRI, 2000),
p. 3; livestock counts from FAO, op. cit. note 3.
38. Number of pastoralists from "Investing in Pastoralism," Agriculture
Technology Notes (Rural Development Department, World Bank), March
1998, p. 1; FAO, op. cit. note 3.
39. FAO, op. cit. note 3; United Nations, op. cit. note 6.
40. Per capita beef consumption from USDA, Foreign Agricultural
Service (FAS), Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade (Washington,
DC: March 2001); mutton consumption from USDA, FAS, Livestock and
Poultry: World Markets and Trade (Washington, DC: March 2000); population
from United Nations, op. cit. note 6.
41. Global estimates from Robin P. White, Siobhan Murray, and Mark
Rohweder, Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Grassland Ecosystems
(Washington, DC: WRI, 2000), p. 3; U.S. data from U.S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Rangeland Inventory,
Monitoring and Evaluation Report, Fiscal Year 2000 (Washington,
DC: 2000).
42. FAO, op. cit. note 3; United Nations, op. cit. note 6.
43. Africa's 3 million buffalo are included in the estimate for
cattle, found in FAO, op. cit. note 3; Southern African Development
Coordination Conference, SADCC Agriculture: Toward 2000 (Rome: FAO,
1984).
44. FAO, op. cit. note 3; United Nations, op. cit. note 6.
45. Erik Eckholm, "Chinese Farmers See a New Desert Erode Their
Way of Life," New York Times, 30 July 2000.
46. Edward C. Wolf, "Managing Rangelands," in Lester Brown et al.,
State of the World 1986 (New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 1986);
Government of India, "Strategies, Structures, Policies: National
Wastelands Development Board," New Delhi, mimeographed, 6 February
1986.
47. Figure 3-1 from FAO, op. cit. note 3; Worldwatch Institute,
Vital Signs 2000, electronic database, Washington, DC, 2000; United
Nations, op. cit. note 6; mutton production for 2000 is an Earth
Policy Institute estimate.
48. Table 3-2 from H. Dregne et al., "A New Assessment of the World
Status of Desertification," Desertification Control Bulletin, no.
20, 1991, cited in Brown and Kane, op. cit. note 13, p. 95.
49. Ibid.; economic information available from International Monetary
Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, www.imf.org/exter
nal/pubs/ft/weo/2000/02/data/index.htm, September 2000 .
Copyright
© 2001 Earth Policy Institute
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