UNITED NATIONS LEADERSHIP
Chapter 12. Accelerating the Transition
Lester R. Brown, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth
(W.W. Norton & Co., NY: 2001).
In an age when so many environmental issues
are binational, multinational, or global in scale, countries often
look to the United Nations for leadership. The first international
environmental treaty completed after the founding of this world
body was the International Convention for the Regulation of Whales.
Negotiated by delegates from 57 countries, it was signed in Washington,
D.C., in 1946. During the half-century since then, the United Nations
has played a key role in negotiating 240 international environmental
treaties ranging from the preservation of migratory birds to the
protection of the stratospheric ozone layer.3
Over the decades, the United Nations has dealt with numerous threats
to the earth's health. In May 1985, scientists reported a "hole"
in the stratospheric ozone layer over Antarctica. This alarmed the
international scientific community because the stratospheric ozone
layer protects life on earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Two years later, the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) assembled
delegates from 150 countries in Montreal to negotiate the Protocol
on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. This international agreement
set the stage for phasing out the widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), the family of chemicals primarily responsible for ozone
layer depletion, reducing their use by more than 90 percent over
the next 13 years. The negotiation of the Montreal Protocol and
its implementation represent one of the finest hours of the United
Nations.4
Another landmark treaty, the Convention on International Trade on
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), was negotiated
in 1973. This set the stage for active U.N. intercession in protecting
endangered species. In 2001 this entailed trying to save Caspian
Sea sturgeon. The catch of this fish, the source of world-renowned
caviar, had fallen precipitously as illegal harvesting spread out
of control. The United Nations convened a meeting of the countries
involvedRussia,
Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. Iran, which was managing
the sturgeon on its coastal waters responsibly, was not called to
the conference. Using its enforcement authority, CITES threatened
to impose an embargo on trade in caviar if the countries did not
work together to protect the sturgeon from extinction. In an early
indication of the influence CITES now has, Russia announced in July
2001 that it was suspending commercial fishing for sturgeon.5
Another of the many environmental contributions by the United Nations
is the Law of the Sea Treaty, which established off-shore limits
of up to 200 miles. Individual countries were given the responsibility
for managing their own fisheries. This treaty gives national governments
the authority they need to protect their coastal fisheries and to
manage them for maximum sustainable yield. The United Nations also
plays a prominent role on the climate front. It has mobilized 2,600
of the world's leading scientists to work in the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This group, which contains numerous
working groups, publishes a report every few years that provides
the latest findings on climate change. The IPCC research and projections
underpin international negotiations on climate stabilization.6
Despite the 240 international environmental treaties negotiated
over the last half-century, degradation of the global environment
continues. Although the United Nations has recorded numerous successes
on the environmental front, the gap between what needs to be done
and what is being done to ensure a sustainable future is widening.
In the end, the United Nations cannot move any faster than its member
governments will permit.
When the United Nations convened the first conference on the environment
in Stockholm in 1972, it gave the fledgling international environmental
movement a legitimacy it had lacked. When it convened the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, its principal product was Agenda
21, a voluminous work on sustainable development. Although this
consisted of bits and pieces of a sustainable future, it did not
deal with the systemic economic change needed to create a sustainable
future.
In September 2002, the United Nations will convene the World Summit
on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. In many
ways, this conference will be a test of whether the international
community is ready to take the steps needed to reverse the earth's
environmental deterioration before time runs out. Recognizing this,
U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan said in a 2001 commencement address
at Tufts University, "We must stop being so economically defensive
and start being more politically courageous."7
ENDNOTES:
3.
International Convention for the Regulation of Whales, signed 2
December 1946, Washington, DC, entered into force 10 November 1948,
from Harvard University, International Environmental Policy Reference
Guide, environment.harvard.edu/esppa/home.html, viewed 18 July 2001;
Hilary French, "Environmental Treaties Gain Ground," in Lester R.
Brown et al., Vital Signs 2000 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company,
1990), p. 134.
4. Discovery of ozone hole first reported in J.C. Farman, B.G. Gardiner,
and J.D., Shanklin, "Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal
Seasonal ClOx/NOx Interaction," Nature, 16 May 1985, pp. 207-10;
Montreal Protocol signed 16 September 1987, entered into force 1
January 1989, from Harvard University, op. cit. note 3; 90 percent
reduction in French, op. cit. note 3, p. 135.
5. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES), signed 3 March 1973, Washington, DC, and
entered into force 1 July 1975, from Harvard University, op. cit.
note 3; Greg Frost, "Caviar Clampdown Eyed to Help Sturgeon Burgeon,"
Reuters, 20 June 2001; "World Briefing-Russia: Saving the Caspian
Sturgeon," New York Times, 17 July 2001.
6. U.N. role in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Vanessa
Houlder, "Keeping a Cool Head in the Global Warming Hothouse," Financial
Times, 13 March 2001; Randall Mikkelsen, "US Abandons Kyoto Climate
Pact-A Blow to Europe," Reuters, 29 March 2001.
7. U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development, "Rio + 10: Time to
Get Started," CSD Update Special Issue, August 2000, www.johannes
burgsummit.org; Kofi Annan, Keynote Address, Tufts University Fletcher
School of Law and Diplomacy, 20 May 2001.
Copyright
© 2001 Earth Policy Institute
|
|